H.i.v. Tests Compulsory For Many Countries (Press, 29 October 1988)

As of 29 October 1988, the Panos Institute reported a significant increase in the number of countries imposing restrictions related to human immunodeficiency virus (H.I.V.) testing. In total, 24 countries now require H.I.V. tests for all or some visitors, while 15 nations conduct mandatory testing on their own citizens. This surge indicates that the number of countries with such measures has more than doubled in just one year. Many countries mandating these tests expect them to be conducted in the traveler's home country. A positive result from these required tests typically leads to deportation or denial of visas. Instances of deportation due to positive H.I.V. tests have been documented in several countries, including India, China, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, the Soviet Union, and South Yemen. Additionally, the United States mandates H.I.V. tests for all immigrant visa applicants. Other nations such as Belgium, West Germany, Costa Rica, Cuba, Cyprus, Egypt, Poland, and the Philippines have also implemented testing requirements for students and those seeking work permits or residency. The Panos Institute's findings highlight a critical issue with such testing; individuals who have been recently exposed to H.I.V. may not test positive immediately, as it can take up to a year for exposure to be detected. Moreover, a small percentage of individuals can test positive despite not having any contact with the virus. In New Zealand, an Immigration Department spokesperson noted that nearly all applicants for permanent residency are required to undergo medical examinations in their countries of origin, which are expected to reveal any H.I.V. or A.I.D.S. infection. While cases of A.I.D.S. or H.I.V. would be evaluated individually, factors like the applicant's relationship with New Zealand citizens could influence decisions. There are limited exceptions to these medical requirements, such as spouses of New Zealand citizens and children automatically entitled to citizenship through adoption. The Panos Institute's publication also pointed out that some countries have adopted compulsory H.I.V. testing for their citizens, with Bulgaria and Cuba planning to test all citizens by 1990. The U.S. also conducts tests for military service volunteers, immigrants, and refugees. Additionally, countries like West Germany, Iceland, South Africa, and Sweden have legal provisions that allow for the isolation or detention of individuals who test positive for H.I.V.

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