Homosexuals’ World, Pre-A.I.D.S. (Press, 28 February 1987)

"States of Desire: Travels in Gay America" by Edmund White, first published in 1980 and reviewed by Ralf Unger in 1987, is a provocative exploration of homosexuality in various urban areas across the United States. The book serves as both a cultural document of its time and a critical reflection on the changes brought about by the onset of the A.I.D.S. epidemic. In his new afterword, White underscores how the ideals of "Gay Liberation," which took flight in the 1960s, have been severely challenged by the realities of sexually transmitted diseases and a decline in societal acceptance of homosexual identities. White recounts his travels through numerous American cities during the more liberated 1970s, aiming to capture the lifestyles, variances, and political dynamics of the gay community. He contrasts experiences from vibrant cities like San Francisco with more conservative places in the Deep South, presenting analyses of the political elements of Gay Liberation. He addresses the concept of homophobia as a political tool while advocating for a political framework that not only seeks the liberation of homosexuals but also benefits heterosexuals, aiming to create new relationships between public and private lives. Furthermore, he anticipates an urban renaissance, where wealthier homosexual populations will populate city centres, leaving poorer communities on the outskirts to serve them. This dynamic can be seen in areas like Haight-Ashbury in San Francisco, where older residents are displaced by rising rents. White acknowledges the contributions of homosexual individuals in revitalising urban environments but warns that this development often comes with socio-economic upheavals for lower-income groups. White's reflections extend to the evolving dynamics of same-sex relationships, arguing against the notion of traditional male/female roles within homosexual partnerships, which he considers a product of "straight" fantasies. He links the rise of feminism and Gay Liberation to social and economic shifts, such as urbanisation and the decline of the traditional family unit. He critiques the sexual expressions prevalent in the 1970s, describing the increasing acceptance of sadomasochism and the evolution of sexual norms. He reflects on the possible future of sexual expression within homosexual communities, suggesting a shift back toward more meaningful communication and artistic expression around sexuality rather than its reduction to mere physical encounter. White discusses significant observations, such as the visibility of deaf homosexuals, who are less socialised into concealing their sexuality, thus presenting a more prominent incidence of homosexuality. He notes the particular impact of A.I.D.S. within the black community, revealing complex social issues surrounding race and health in America. Through his candid anecdotes, which include a mixture of personal experiences and voyeuristic observations, White presents a rich yet complex view of male homosexual culture while giving little attention to lesbian experiences. "States of Desire" is considered essential reading for those wanting to understand the male homosexual movement as a significant social phenomenon of its time.

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