The Man-woman Chevalier D’eon (Press, 30 April 1966)

Cynthia Cox's book, "The Enigma of the Age," explores the life of one of the 18th century's most eccentric figures, the Chevalier d’Eon. Born in 1728 in Burgundy, d’Eon was a small-statured man with a high-pitched voice and exceptional intelligence, as well as skills in fencing. His unusual proclivity for dressing as a woman played a significant role in both his rise and fall as a diplomat and spy for King Louis XV of France. D’Eon’s notable emergence in historical records occurred when he travelled to Russia disguising himself as a young woman, accompanied by the Chevalier Douglas. Their mission aimed to secure the support of Empress Elizabeth during a time when France faced difficulties in European politics. D’Eon successfully formed a bond with the Empress, which was pivotal for France's diplomatic efforts. His successful espionage allowed him to ascend within Louis XV's select "Secret" organisation, responsible for tracking political movements across Europe. After gaining further credentials and responsibilities, including a commission in the Autichamp Dragoons during the Seven Years’ War, d’Eon's fortunes began to wane. A humiliating Peace Treaty in 1762 led to his reassignment as Minister Plenipotentiary to England, where he struggled financially. His lavish lifestyle and debts led to the deterioration of his reputation and relations with influential French officials. Subsequently, d’Eon confronted challenges from the newly appointed French Ambassador, the Comte de Guerchy, igniting a feud that highlighted his erratic behaviour. Despite being viewed as a nuisance, d’Eon's retainment was essential due to his knowledge of sensitive political matters. He later received a pension to continue as an informant, though his contentious nature continued to alienate him from key figures. The arrival of Beaumarchais in London in 1775 proved to be the turning point for d’Eon. Beaumarchais exploited d’Eon’s reputation to fuel speculation concerning his gender, leading d’Eon into an uncomfortable position where he was pressured to publicly embrace a feminine identity—becoming the "Chevaliere d’Eon" in the process. D’Eon capitulated to these demands, adopting women's clothing for the next 20 years, which marked a significant decline in his social standing and financial stability. By 1785, d’Eon returned to London, but the onset of the French Revolution stripped him of his meagre pension. He eventually passed away at 82, having been sustained by friends after losing his independence due to an accident that hindered his ability to give fencing lessons. A post-mortem examination confirmed his male identity, negating the long-held speculation about his gender. Cox's detailed biography is enriched with ample references, providing a comprehensive portrayal of d’Eon, portraying him as a deeply controversial and multifaceted character whose life reflected the complexities of gender, politics, and personal identity within his tumultuous era.

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